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This figure represents the percent gain in student engagement and achievement for schools with different types of practces (compared to schools with traditional reform practices) in Lee and Smith’s 1994 longitudinal study, “High School Restructuring and Student Achievement.” It compares performance gains of students from eighth grade to tenth grade in traditionally restructured schools with student gains in the two other types of schools, using the traditionally restructured schools’ gains as a baseline score of 0. Students at schools with restructuring practices showed greater gains; schools with no restructuring practices showed less improvement. (Reprinted by permission of the Wisconsin Center for Education Research, Madison, Wisconsin)